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By: Olivia Kalinich, LMHC
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It affects millions of people worldwide, disrupting their daily lives and mental well-being. While much is known about PTSD, recent research has delved into the brain's intricate workings to better understand this condition. By utilizing the framework laid out in Menon’s (2011) Triple Network Theory and research showing infraslow frequency oscillations fundamental role in combining these networks in the Triple Network Model , we can better understand the dysregulations that contribute to PTSD symptoms.
Infraslow frequencies (ISFs) refer to brainwave activity that occurs at extremely low frequencies, typically less than 0.1 Hz. Unlike more commonly known brainwaves such as alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves, infraslow frequencies are much slower. These slow oscillations are thought to play a crucial role in the brain's regulatory functions, including maintaining homeostasis and integrating neural networks.
Researchers have discovered that ISFs are involved in modulating higher-frequency brainwaves and synchronizing activity across different brain regions. This synchronization is vital for efficient communication between various parts of the brain, ultimately influencing cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and overall mental health. Studies have shown that ISFs are integral to the functioning of brain networks and their dysregulation can be linked to psychiatric disorders .
The triple network model is a framework that describes three major brain networks involved in cognitive and emotional processing: the default mode network (DMN), the salience network (SN), and the central executive network (CEN).
This network is active when the mind is at rest and not focused on the outside world. It's involved in self-referential thoughts, daydreaming, and recalling personal memories. Think of it as the brain's "idle mode.". It is involved in introspection, mind-wandering, and autobiographical memory. Dysregulation in the DMN has been linked to various mental health disorders, including PTSD .
The salience network helps us identify and prioritize important information from our environment. It acts as a switchboard, directing our attention to what matters most, whether it's a threat or something that requires immediate focus.. The SN plays a critical role in identifying threats and initiating appropriate responses, which is particularly relevant in the context of PTSD. Research by Menon (2011) highlights the SN's role in switching between the DMN and CEN, making it central to understanding PTSD .
This network is crucial for higher-order thinking, including problem-solving, decision-making, and working memory. It's what we use when we're actively engaged in a task. The CEN is involved in higher-order cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and working memory. It enables individuals to focus on tasks and regulate their behavior. Impairments in the CEN can lead to difficulties in managing stress and emotions, common symptoms of PTSD .
Recent research has highlighted the interplay between infraslow frequencies and the triple network model in understanding PTSD. Dysregulation of ISFs can disrupt the synchronization and communication between the DMN, SN, and CEN, leading to the symptoms observed in PTSD.
Individuals with PTSD often exhibit hyper or hypoactivity in the DMN, leading to excessive rumination and intrusive memories of the traumatic event. Infraslow frequency dysregulation can exacerbate this imbalance, making it difficult for individuals to disengage from traumatic thoughts and memories.
The salience network in individuals with PTSD is often hyperactive, causing heightened sensitivity to potential threats. This hyperactivation can be driven by dysregulated ISFs, leading to an exaggerated stress response and difficulty distinguishing between real and perceived threats.
The central executive network in individuals with PTSD may be underactive, resulting in difficulties with attention, decision-making, and emotional regulation. Infraslow frequency dysregulation can contribute to this impairment, making it challenging for individuals to manage their symptoms effectively.
Understanding the role of infraslow frequencies and the triple network model in PTSD opens up new avenues for treatment. ISF Neurofeedback targets these brain networks and helps to improve their synchronization and overall functional connectivity. We have observed in our clientele that by targeting these key hubs of the Triple Network we can offer promising results, and improve overall well-being. This technique involves training individuals to regulate their infraslow brainwave activity to improve brain network synchronization and reduce PTSD symptoms.
The exploration of infraslow frequencies and the Triple Network Model provides a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD. By utilizing protocols to strengthen functional connectivity of these large scale networks, we can not only reduce symptomatology associated with PTSD, but also use this framework to work with a range of mental health issues.
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